Analysis of methods of irrigating solution activation in endodontics: literature review

Abstract

The challenge of endodontics has always been the complex anatomy of the root canal system. Isthmus, lateral canals and curvatures make endodontic therapy even more difficult. It is crucial for success to promote proper cleaning and disinfection, reducing microorganisms and providing an environment that favors the three-dimensional filling of the canal. It was proven that mechanical instrumentation alone did not guarantee these requirements, so auxiliary chemicals were added. Even with this advance, these did not reach areas such as the apical region. To enhance its penetration, activation mechanisms for this solution were developed, ensuring that they reach regions of difficult access. In contemporary endodontics, it is essential to use these methods that enhance disinfection. Therefore, this work aims to review in the scientific literature what these techniques are available. It was found that all are capable of removing smear layer and debris to a greater or lesser degree, presenting their advantages and limitations. However, there seems to be a consensus among authors that Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation is considered the gold standard, due to its wide use and superior results.