Retrograde peri-implantitis: a review of etiology, diagnosis and therapeutic protocols

Abstract

Retrograde peri-implantitis poses a challenge in modern Implant Dentistry due to its multifactorial nature and potential to compromise implant osseointegration. This article reviews the scientific literature, addressing the etiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of the condition. Analysis of available studies reveals that factors such as pre-existing endodontic infections, occlusal trauma, and contamination during implant placement are closely associated with the onset of retrograde peri-implantitis. Furthermore, the importance of early diagnosis is highlighted, utilizing radiographic and clinical evaluations, along with the adoption of therapeutic protocols that combine surgical and non-surgical approaches. The integration of decontamination techniques, guided bone regeneration, and periodic maintenance proves essential for resolving clinical cases and preserving implants. It is concluded that effective management of retrograde peri-implantitis relies on a multidisciplinary and personalized approach, emphasizing the need for future research to define more precise biomarkers and preventive strategies.